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A contract expressly required "new copper pipe." The seller argues that trade usage and the parties' prior dealings allowed refurbished copper pipe. The buyer argues the express word "new" controls.
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Express terms control inconsistent course of performance, course of dealing, and usage of trade, but courts try to read them consistently when reasonable. Usage of trade always controls express terms because merchants are presumed to know trade customs. Course of performance controls even if it directly contradicts an express term that cannot reasonably be reconciled with it. Course of dealing is relevant only if the contract expressly mentions it.

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